It's quite long to explain what I believe has happened, and the 'fix' for it is located only in the last two paragraphs. If you want to understand what has happened, though, you might consider reading it all. First, here's some context about the DYN_palmares_cyclist table ('Palamares' - Cyclist in Fast Editor):
The second column (gene_sz_full_name) is the name of the rider (oh really, right ), and the third column (Cyclist in F.E.) is the (active) rider in the DB (DYN_cyclist) that this palmares-rider correspond for. Riders such as Lance, who have retired and thus are deleted from the DB, will still have a line in DYN_palmares_cyclist, so that their names appear in the palmares they made (like the 09 Tour), but their 'Cyclist' column will be filled with a 0, making the rider 'unclickable' when you're seeing the palmares (since the rider no longer exists in the DB).
If you found a Lance Armstrong which had nothing in the drop-down column Cyclist (blank option), then this is the Lance Armstrong line from the rider which was deleted in the DB (instead of yours). His palmares ID should be 1316.
Therefore what you might have done is find the "old" Armstrong and linked him to your created Armstrong. But I guess you did this during your career, or did you do it in the DB before starting your career?
I'm guessing it's the first one, because if you did it before creating the career, then the game would recognize the palmares from the rider with palmares-ID 1316 as being the palmares from your created rider, and so you'd have got what you wanted (his old+new results appearing). However if you edited that after you started a career, the game would have created a new palmares-rider for your new Armstrong (this happens at the moment you start the career).
So, we'd have two palmares-riders linked to one DB rider (both the old and your Armstrong linked to your Armstrong). Probably, the game does not accept two riders linked to one active rider, and will only show in game the palmares of one of them - in this case, the old Armstrong.
The palmares line that says 'X rider rides with X team in X year', which is the "team" line you see in the rider palmares menu in game, is also written as you begin the career. In that case, it was written for your Armstrong, not for the 'old' Armstrong. And now, since your Armstrong has got the old Armstrong palmares, he hasn't got a line stating which team is he riding for in 2012, and thus you can't see his 2012 results in his palmares menu.
Since you're using lists in the Fast Editor, you're seeing the riders names in the Palmares table, not their IDs. But remember that there are two Lance Armstrong (same name) in the palmares_cyclist table, with different IDs. So the results you're seeing in fact belong to two riders with different IDs and the same name.
Finally, here's how to fix it and get the effect you want (show all his results together): first, disable lists in the Fast Editor, since you'll need to look at the riders IDs. Now, go in DYN_cyclist, locate your Armstrong and write down/memorize his ID. Go in the Palamares - Cyclists, and, in the 3rd column (Cyclist), look for the ID you just memorized. If I've been right so far, you'll find two riders with that ID, both called Lance Armstrong. Now look in the first column, also called ID - this represents the palmares ID (while the other represents the actual cyclist ID). One of them will have 1316 - the old Armstrong - and the other will have a different ID (let me call it X to be easier to explain). Memorize this one now.
Now, go into the Palamares table, and what you need to do is either replace all lines where the fkIDpalmares_cyclist is 1316 with X or change all lines where it's X into 1316 (you can look for the ones which has less lines, using the filter, and choose this one). Then, back in the Palamares - Cyclists table, put a 0 on the Cyclist column of whichever Lance Armstrong ID you dropped. Then save and that should do it
Ps.: don't get me wrong when I say the 'new' and 'old' Armstrong. Both are over 40 years old, so not young even if it's a new one